Gender Identity in Childhood: A Review of the Literature
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
7-2019
Abstract
We review theory and research on the assessment, development, and consequences of individual differences in gender identity, as studied among ordinary school children. Gender identity encompasses children’s appraisals of compatibility with, and motivation to fit in with, gender collectives; it is a multidimensional construct. Five dimensions of gender identity are considered in depth: felt same-gender typicality, felt other-gender typicality, gender contentedness, felt pressure for gender conformity, and intergroup bias. A host of cognitive, affective, social, and defensive processes contribute to these forms of gender identity, all of which in turn affect children’s psychosocial adjustment. Felt same-gender typicality promotes self-esteem and protects children from harmful effects of stressors, but it is associated with negative attitudes toward other-gender peers and activities unless children feel at least somewhat similar to the other gender as well. Felt other-gender typicality distresses children who do not also feel same-gender–typical. The other three gender identity variables encourage self-serving behavior (e.g., dominance) if children view it as appropriate for their gender. Children who feel gender-atypical or discontent with their gender suffer considerable distress if they feel pressure for gender conformity. Gender contentedness may be a particularly powerful contributor to children’s adoption of gender-typed behavior.
Publication
International Journal of Behavioral Development
Publisher
Sage Publications Inc.
Volume
43
Issue
4
Pages
289-304
Department
College of Arts and Sciences
Recommended Citation
Perry, D. G., Pauletti, R. E., & Cooper, P. J. (2019). Gender identity in childhood: A review of the literature. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 43(4), 289-304. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025418811129
