Challenges of the Fentanyl Epidemic: Understanding the Crisis, Analyzing the Analogs, and Investigating the Detection Methods

Author

Sophia Hontzas, Lynn University

Date of Award

8-2024

Document Type

Capstone

Granting Institution

Lynn University

Degree Name

Master of Science (MS)

Degree Program

Biological Science

Department

College of Arts and Sciences

First Advisor

Dr. Erika L. Doctor

Abstract

The fentanyl epidemic has become a significant public health concern, identified by a rise in overdose deaths pertaining to the use of illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF). In 2021 alone, there were 70,601 overdose deaths attributed to fentanyl, emphasizing the severity of the crisis. This paper discusses the challenges posed by fentanyl and its analogs, investigating the origins, market dynamics, biological impacts, and the issues with detection and regulation. While fentanyl was initially created as a potent pain reliever, its misuse has grown due to the presence of new analogs. Case studies provide insight into how fentanyl rose in popularity and highlighted how supply and demand in the drug market worsened these issues. Problems continued as new analogs were created, complicating detection and forensic analysis due to varying potencies and metabolic profiles. The biological and toxicological elements of fentanyl are reviewed, highlighting its low lethal dose (LD50), typical serum concentrations, and the severe side effects outside pain relief, including respiratory depression, prolonged Q wave to T wave (QT) intervals and potential for addiction. This paper also addresses the metabolism of fentanyl through the mu-opioid receptor (MOR), and the liver’s cytochrome P450 enzyme system, highlighting the difficulties in identifying and measuring its diverse analogs. Implementation of GC-MS is used for detection but is scrutinized for its lack of sensitivity and specificity. LC-MS/MS improves on these flaws and allows for better detection. However, the paper advocates for more sensitive and specific technologies, including UHPLC-MS/MS and electrochemical sensors, to enhance the rapid and accurate identification of fentanyl analogs. It also supports better comprehensive public health interventions, such as harm reduction strategies, naloxone distribution, and improved treatment and prevention programs. This paper highlights the need for interdisciplinary cooperation to mitigate the fentanyl epidemic and its impact on society.

Recommended Citation

Hontzas, S. (2024). Challenges of the fentanyl epidemic: Understanding the crisis, analyzing the analogs, and investigating the detection methods [Masters capstone, Lynn University]. SPIRAL. https://spiral.lynn.edu/etds/425